How Dental Surgeons Can Start TCP In Their Private Dental Practice

On Mar 17, 2023

– Dr Mriganka Sekhar Ghose

Introduction

Tobacco smoke contains over 4000 chemical compounds including tar, carbon monoxide, nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, acetone, ammonia, naphthalene, cadmium and polyvinyl chloride.

Tobacco is a known or probable cause of many diseases.

Eyes: Macular degeneration
Hair: Hair loss
Skin:Ageing, wrinkles, wound infection
Brain:Stroke
Mouth & Pharynx: Cancer, gum diseases.
Lungs:Cancer, Emphysema, Pneumonia
Heart: Coronary Artery Disease
Stomach:Cancer, Ulcer
Pancreas:Cancer
Bladder: Cancer
Women:Cervical cancer, early menopause, irregular and painful periods

Not a single part of body is spared from the harmful effects of tobacco.

In India, tobacco is used in variety of forms, mainly smoking, chewing, placing, sucking, etc. The type of use of tobacco by the individual is dependent on many factors. Beedi smoking is the most popular form of tobacco smoking, followed by cigarette smoking. Oral use of smokeless tobacco is widely prevalent. The types of tobacco used are described below.

Types of Tobacco

Beedis
Cigarettes
Cigars
Chillum
Hookah etc

SMOKELESS TOBACCO TYPES:

Paan with supari (betel nuts)
Paan masala
Tobacco and slaked lime (Khaini) etc

TOBACCO PRODUCTS FOR APPLICATION:

Mishri
Bajjar
Gud Haku
Jarda tambaku
Creamy snuff etc.

All the tobacco products are harmful and are associated with cancer.

Nicotine Addiction

Nicotine, a drug found naturally in tobacco, is an alkaloid from the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae). It constitutes approximately 0.6-3.0 percent of dry weight of tobacco, with bio synthesis taking place in roots and accumulating in the leaves.

According to the American Heart Association,” nicotine addiction has historically been one of the hardest addictions to break.”

The pharmacological behavioral characteristics that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those that determine addiction to drugs, such as heroin and cocaine. Nicotine content in cigarette has actually slowly increased over the years.

Why Is It So Hard To Quit?

Nicotine is hard to quit, because it is highly addictive. In fact, it is as addictive as heroin and cocaine. Overtime, users become physically and psychologically dependent on nicotine.

Where Nicotine Goes & How Long It Stays?

Nicotine enters the blood stream from mouth and is carried out throughout the body. It affects many parts of the body including the heart, blood vessels, hormone metabolism and brain. During pregnancy, nicotine freely passes the placenta. Nicotine has been found in amniotic fluid and the umbilical cord blood of newborn infants.

Assessing Nicotine Dependence

Nicotine acts as an agonist ganglionic cholinergic receptor in both the peripheral and central nervous system and causes the releases of a number of neuro-transmitters including dopamine, nor adrenaline, acetylcholine and serotonin.

Nicotine affects the:

Central Nervous System: A range of short term effects includes pleasure arousal, improved short term memory, improved concentration and decreased anxiety.
Cardiovascular System: Increased heart rate & blood pressure & peripheral vasoconstriction.
Endocrine System: Increased circulating catecholamines such as adrenaline and nor adrenalin and increased cortisol levels.
Gastrointestinal System: Decreases apetite, nausea etc.
Skeletal Muscles: Decreased tone.

Nicotine is absorbed from the respiratory tract, buccal mucosa & skin. There is minimal absorption through gastrointestinal tract when administered orally. Cigarettes are an effective carrier of nicotine.

Benefits Of Quitting Tobacco

Blood pressure drops to normal.
Pulse rate drops to normal.
Carbon monoxide level in blood drops to normal.
Chance of heart attack decreases.
Ability to smell & taste is enhanced.
Lung function increases.
Risk of coronary heart disease reduces to half as compared to that of a regular smoker.

Oral Signs Of Tobacco Use

Stained teeth
Foul smelling breath(halitosis)
Gum disease
Loose teeth
Discoloured patches on the mucosa, white red, dark precancerous lesions.

Dental surgeons can start Tobacco Cessation Programs (TCP) in their private dental practice since they are rightly, the ‘oral physicians’.

The 5 A’s in a TCP at a dental clinic

The 5 A’s are the evidence based framework for structuring tobacco cessation in a dental clinic.

The 5 A’s (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist and Arrange) is a five to fifteen minutes research based counselling tool.

Systematically identify all tobacco users at every visit. It should be put into the system that for every patient at every dental clinic visit, tobacco use status was asked and documented.

Strongly urge all tobacco users to quit. Advise should have:

Clear Message: “I think it is important for you to quit tobacco now and I can help you”. or ” Cutting down while you are ill is not enough. “
Strong Message: ” As your clinician, I need to advise you that quitting tobacco smoking is the most important thing you can do for your health. “
Personalized Message: Tie tobacco use to current health/ illness and/or it’s social and economic cost, motivation level/readiness to quit and/or the impact of tobacco use on children and others in the house.

Step 3-Assess (Determine the willingness to quit)

To be able to assist a patient with tobacco cessation, you need to be able to assess your patient’s willingness to commit to this change. Ask every tobacco user if he/ she is willing to make a quit attempt within a specified time frame (eg: within the next 30 days.)

The stages of readiness to change model is a valuable model for assessing a person’s readiness to change a variety of behaviors. The stages may be :

Not Ready (Precontemplation) :These tobacco users are not seriously considering quitting in the next 6 months. They generally see the positive aspects of tobacco and do not like to acknowledge the disadvantages or have been discouraged by failure in past attempts. Encourage them to think about his/ her tobacco use and invite them for any help. Offer them the written information about the benefits of quitting tobacco.
Unsure (Contemplation) : These tobacco users are seriously considering quitting in the next 6 months. This group is particularly amenable to brief motivational interviewing. Provide them the written information about the benefits of quitting tobacco.
Ready (Preparation) :These tobacco users are planning to quit in the next 30 days. This group is most likely to ask for help with quitting.
Action: These are former tobacco users who have quit in the last 6 months. This is when the risk of relapse is highest with about 75-80% relapse occuring in this stage. This is the time where support and strategies to prevent relapse are especially important.
Maintenance: These are tobacco users who quit over 6 months ago. The non tobacco use behavior is established and the threat of tobacco use gradually diminishes. The chances of relapse diminishes over time-only about 4% of those who quit for more than 2 years go back to tobacco use.

Step 4-Assist (Willing to quit):

Aid the patient to quit. A 5 day plan to get ready to quit is given below. In tobacco users, the motivational stage must be utilized properly.

Step5-Arrange (Schedule a follow up contact) :

Follow up visits after advice to quit has been shown increases the likelihood to successful long term abstinence. Follow up contact should occur soon after quit date, preferably during the first week. A second follow up contact is recommended within the first month.

Action during follow up contact:

Congratulate on success.
Review problems and progress.
If tobacco use has occurred, review circumstances and elicit recommitment to total assistance.
Remind patient that a relapse can be used as a learning experience.
Assess pharmacotherapy use and problems.
Encourage social support and use of support services.
Help build motivation to reach the stage of readiness to try again.

A 5 day plan to get ready to quit

The first step to quitting is to decide to quit. Next, make an appointment with the dentist to discuss the options for treatment and to get a ‘quit date.’

—Quit date minus 5—

List all the reasons to quit
Tell your family, friends about your plan
Stop buying cartons of beedis/cigarettes/smokeless tobacco

—Quit date minus 4—

Pay attention to why and when to use tobacco
Think new ways to relax
Think new ways to holding something in mouth and in hand instead of tobacco
Think of habits or routine you want to change

—Quit day minus 3—

Make use of things you could do with the extra money you save
Think whom to reach when you need help

—Quit day minus 2—

Clean your clothes to get rid of smell of smoke

—Quit day minus 1—

Think of a reward you will get for yourself after you quit
Get your teeth cleaned (scaling and polishing) by the dentist
Throw away all your tobacco products

—Quit day—

Keep yourself busy
Change your routine when possible
Do activities which don’t remind you to use tobacco

Behavioral & Cognitive Therapy

Behavioral & cognitive therapy or strategies are mainly advised to deal with cravings while quitting tobacco. It is a short term focussed approach for helping dependent individuals become abstinent from drug abuse.

It is the most frequently evaluated psychosocial approach for substance use disorders. Have a strong level of empirical support. Attempts to help people:

This therapy is validated & recommended for smoking cessation, can be used individually or with groups.

Some of the behavioral & cognitive strategies are as follows:

Dealing with cravings

Delay
Deep Breathing
Drink water
Distract

2. Remember the 3R’s

Role Of Dentists In The Community

Can be role models by not using tobacco or by quitting successfully. Tobacco use by dentists is a significant barrier to tobacco cessation counselling.
Can speak with authority in the community about the dangers of tobacco use. For example, the need to curb tobacco use in public and educate children about the dangers of tobacco use.
Can be effective in advocating tobacco control in the community.

Brief Intervention

Available evidence suggests that behavioral intervention for tobacco use conducted by oral health professionals incorporating an oral examination component in the dental clinic and community setting may increase tobacco abstinence rates among smokeless tobacco users.

Dental treatment often necessitates frequent contact with patients over an extended period of time, providing a mechanism for long term contact and reinforcement, coupled with visible changes in the oral cavity in response to counselling.

Cessation Plans Or Strategies

Tapering (cutting) down (1 less cigarette today, 2 less tomorrow, etc)
Cold Turkey (stop abruptly)
Possibly a pharmacological method to assist with cessation.

Possible Support Persons:

Close Friends
Family
Co-Workers

Tobacco Cessation Methods

Every tobacco user is unique and one cessation method will not work for everyone. Remember to let the patient chose the method that is suitable for them.

A. NON PHARMACOLOGICAL CESSATION STRATEGIES

Tapering: Cut down the number of cigarettes/beedis smoked (or smokeless tobacco) each day until the patient find they are no longer using it. Tapering involves counting the number of cigarettes/beedis smoked each day and then reducing that amount by a fixed number over a given amount of time. This method involves setting a quit date by which patient will have tapered down to the point that they are no longer using tobacco.
Cold Turkey: Abruptly stopping all smoking. Best for patients who smoke two packets of cigarettes a day or less.

B. PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS

This includes

Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Bupropion
Verenicline

Pharmacotherapy

NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY (NRT):

Mechanism of action of NRT is thought to be thorough stimulation of nicotinic receptors in the central segmental area of the brain and consequent release of dopamine in the nucleus of acumens. All types of NRT viz,

Nicotine patch
Nicotine gum
Nicotine inhaler and
Nicotine nasal sprays

have been shown to have similar success rates. NRT is safe and should be recommended for smoking cessation.

DOSAGE OF NRT:

During 1 to 6 weeks: Chew 1 piece of gum /lozenge every 1 to 2 hours
During 7 to 9 weeks: Chew 1 piece of gum 2-4 hours
During weeks 10 to 12: Chew one piece of gum every 4 to 8 hours

2. BUPROPION:

Bupropion is non-nicotine drug for treating tobacco dependence. It is a typical anti-depressant that has both, dopaminergic and adrenergic actions.

DOSAGE OF BUPROPION:

Bupropion, if needed should be taken for atleast 7 to 12 weeks.

Day 1 to 3: 150 mg (1 tablet daily)
Day 4-6 : 150 mg (twice daily)
Day 7: 150 mg twice daily for 12 weeks.

Depending on the severity of nicotine addiction, patient can be treated with NRT ( if addiction is not more) or in combination with NRT + Bupropion (if addiction is severe).

Note: Bupropion SR should not be given to

breastfeeding pregnant woman
patients with seizures
patients with severe hepatic cirrhosis

3. VERENICLINE:

It is a newer prescription medicine. It works by interfering with nicotine receptors in the brain. It helps to lessen the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.

Withdrawal Symptoms

More than 80% of tobacco users will experience symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. Common symptoms and strategies to cope with nicotine withdrawal are as follows:

Irritability: To cope with this, ask the patient to walk, take hot bath.
Fatigue: To cope with this, ask the patient to take naps.
Insomnia: To cope with this, ask the patient to avoid caffeine after 6 pm.
Nasal Drip: To cope with this, ask the patient to drink plenty of fluids.
Dizziness: To cope with this, ask the patient to change postures slowly.
Depression: To cope with this, ask the patient do yoga, pranayama and exercises.
Lack of concentration: To cope with this, ask the patient to plan work load and avoid stress as much possible.
Constipation: To cope with this, ask the patient to add fiber in his or her diet.
Craving for cigarettes: To cope with this, ask the patient to divert his or her attention to something else.
Headaches: To cope with this, ask the patient to drink plenty of fluids.

Relapse Prevention

Relapse prevention strategies aim to assist people to avoid or cope with high risk smoking situations.

Try any of these while preventing relapse:

Identify high risk tobacco use situations and try to avoid them as much as possible. Reduce the number of high risk situations encountered.
Consider life style changes, waking up early, doing exercises, meditation etc.

To Conclude

Dental professionals can play a pivotal role in diagnosing and effectively managing tobacco dependence. Starting a tobacco cessation program in your private dental practice can help you in playing out this role beyond usual dentistry.

Dr Mriganka Sekhar Ghose [BDS, Paed Dent Spclty Prog (Royal College Of Surgeons, Ireland] is a dental surgeon & independent medical researcher with multiple certifications from RCS Edinburgh, Ireland & Tehran Univ Of Medical Sciences, Iran and is Community Ambassador of Mohammad Rashid Bin Univ of Medicine & HealthSciences, UAE.

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